As stocking density increases in aquaculture systems, supplemental oxygen becomes necessary. Oxygen generation is becoming a popular option.
Iron supplementation of pond fertilizers can improve their effectiveness in promoting phytoplankton growth. Ferrous iron in bottom sediment precipitates hydrogen sulfide gas produced by microbial activity.
Genetic improvement breeding programs for carp in a number of Asian countries have delivered genetically fast-growing strains to farmers and producers.
Improved feeds and feeding practices increase the proportion of nitrogen recovered in fish and shrimp and lessen the amount of ammonia excreted by the culture animals.
Using the buoyancy of the entrained air bubbles to lift the water, airlifts are more energy-efficient and provide more aeration, carbon dioxide removal and foam fractionation for dissolved solids removal than centrifugal pump systems.
Despite the impacts of the December 2004 tsunami, aquaculture in Aceh, Indonesia, is recovering with support from Indonesian and international agencies.
In a comparison of tank culture and net pen farming of almaco jack, the offshore operations were about twice as efficient per kilogram of product in terms of energy use and carbon inputs.
Management of dissolved oxygen in ponds with static water is difficult, so managers of non-aerated ponds usually limit stocking and feeding rates.
Ponds constructed where soils contain sulfides can have problems with low pH in culture water. Liming can be an effective emergency measure.
Molluscan seed production in China encompasses 32 species. The seeds of most clams are collected from natural sources in farming areas.
Outside optimal salinity ranges, aquaculture species have higher feed-conversion ratios, grow at slower rates, become stressed and susceptible to disease, or even die.
Pesticides, herbicides and fungicides may control pests and noxious vegetation, but environmental and health concerns call for responsible chemical use.
Industrial aquaculture parks that employ hyperintensive culture technology are a promising alternative for further land-based seafood production. They offer wide siting options, efficient land and water resource use, and high-density, high-yield production output. In Project Raceways, a five-nation consortium is developing protocols for the culture of several highly valuable species of marine fish in raceway systems.
In research on collective marketing involving 32 small-scale fish farmers in Cameroon, 12 made a profit, which sparked further local interest in the concept.
Phosphorus from uneaten feed and feces of culture animals can cause excessive phytoplankton growth and associated degradation of water quality.
Floating raceways can be put in ponds, reservoirs, or sheltered waters as small-scale production systems for fingerlings or short-term nursery environments.