Trace metals toxic at high concentrations

Excessive concentrations of trace metals, especially copper, are toxic to phytoplankton and other aquatic plants. The ionic forms of trace metals are toxic to fish and other aquatic animals, but soluble, chelated trace metals are relatively non-toxic. 

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HISTAR development
HISTAR development

HISTAR development

The Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) developed at Louisiana State University superimposes contaminant control techniques on a continuous algal production system.