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Although higher rates have been promoted, pond fertilization ratios of 2:1 or 1:1 nitrogen to phosphorus should be maintained in older ponds for food fish production. 

Culture cages should be installed in areas with good water circulation and not placed in embayments with narrow openings or very shallow water. 

In calculating chemical treatments to apply to ponds, one must adjust for the percentage of the active ingredients in products. Adjustments for both active ingredient content and specific gravity must be made for liquid products. 

Management of dissolved oxygen in ponds with static water is difficult, so managers of non-aerated ponds usually limit stocking and feeding rates. 

The direct energy input values for aquaculture include energy used in constructing facilities, producing seedstock and feed, powering mechanical aerators, applying feed and harvesting and processing culture animals. 

Limit pond soil analyses to soil particle size for use in pond construction decisions, initial analysis of total sulfur, occasional analyses of total nitrogen, and routine analyses of pH and soil organic carbon. 

Outside optimal salinity ranges, aquaculture species have higher feed-conversion ratios, grow at slower rates, become stressed and susceptible to disease, or even die. 

While feed conversion ratios are often used as indexes of feed efficiency, they can be misleading as ecological indicators. 

Feeding allows much greater production of fish and shrimp, but nutrients in feed are not converted completely to fish or shrimp flesh.   

Mechanical pond aerators increase the rate at which oxygen from air enters water by providing a greater surface area to facilitate diffusion. 

Chemical fertilizers are frequently used in pond aquaculture to stimulate phytoplankton productivity and enhance the availability of natural food organisms. 

Since the application of mineral salts to correct ionic imbalances has improved survival and production, the practice is becoming increasingly common. 

Dissolved oxygen concentration is perhaps the most important variable influencing the well-being of fish, shrimp and other aquatic life. 

Disposal of aquaculture wastewater using injection wells has a much lower pollution risk than the dispersal of municipal and industrial wastewaters. 

La eliminación de aguas residuales de la acuacultura usando pozos de inyección tiene un riesgo de contaminación mucho menor que la dispersión de aguas residuales municipales e industriales. 

In part three of this series, the authors say lower energy use in shrimp farming requires producers to focus on water exchange and aeration. 

En la segunda parte de esta serie, los autores sugieren pasos para reducir el potencial de contaminación del cultivo de camarones al prestar especial atención a los alimentos no consumidos. 

En la tercera parte de esta serie, los autores dicen que un menor uso de energía en el cultivo de camarones requiere que los productores se concentren en el intercambio de agua y la aireación.