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Circulation makes use of the very large amount of dissolved oxygen present on the pond's surface and distributes it down to the bottom. 

Nitrogen and phosphorus are contained in aquaculture pond effluents, and these two nutrients can cause eutrophication of natural waters. 

Prof. Boyd discusses how weather and climate events affect aquaculture and why producers should operate their facilities to protect against such events. 

El profesor Boyd analiza cómo los fenómenos meteorológicos y climáticos afectan a la acuacultura, y por qué los productores deberían operar sus instalaciones para protegerse contra tales eventos. 

Prof. Boyd on dissolved and suspended solids in aquaculture production systems and their importance to water and pond-bottom quality. 

As a protein source and fishmeal replacement in European sea bass diets, a microbial enhanced protein demonstrates cost effectiveness and other benefits. 

In part two of this series, the authors suggest steps to reduce the pollution potential of shrimp farming by paying special attention to uneaten feed. 

Keep adequate concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the culture water by balancing stocking and feeding rates with the amount of mechanical aeration applied. To prevent anaerobic conditions at the sediment-water interface, aerators should be positioned to promote the flow of oxygenated water across the pond bottom. 

Understanding the hydrologic cycle, water’s unique physical properties and their behavior in aquaculture systems – phases, humidity, saturation, stratification, light reflection and refraction – is pertinent to properly manage water quality in production systems, according to world-renowned expert Dr. Claude Boyd. 

La comprensión del ciclo hidrológico, las propiedades físicas únicas del agua y su comportamiento en sistemas acuícolas - fases, humedad, saturación, estratificación, reflexión de la luz y refracción- es pertinente para manejar adecuadamente la calidad del agua en los sistemas de producción, según el reconocido experto Dr. Claude Boyd. 

Inland shrimp culture has numerous advantages – improved biosecurity, lower cost of land and reduced conflicts with other users of common resources like land and water – and will continue to expand into new areas. 

Agricultural limestone is widely used to improve pH and alkalinity in aquaculture ponds. There is considerable use of lime in aquaculture to disinfect pond bottoms and water, to attempt to control pH, and various other reasons. 

Los sistemas acuícolas deben ser operados con atención a la reducción de la carga de residuos ambientales, lo que requiere el uso de alimentos de alta calidad, la prevención de la sobre-alimentación y el mantenimiento de una buena calidad del agua. 

La piedra caliza agrícola se utiliza ampliamente para mejorar el pH y la alcalinidad en los estanques acuícolas. Hay un uso considerable de la cal en la acuacultura para desinfectar los fondos y agua de estanques, para intentar controlar el pH, y varias otras razones. 

Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration should have little effect on rising alkalinity concentration in aquaculture systems. Climate change is of greater concern in freshwater aquaculture than is an increase in alkalinity. 

Los cambios en la concentración atmosférica de dióxido de carbono deberían tener poco efecto en el aumento de la concentración de alcalinidad en los sistemas acuícolas. El cambio climático es una preocupación mayor en la acuacultura de agua dulce que el aumento de la alcalinidad. 

A few anions and cations, and un-dissociated silicic acid represent the largest fraction of dissolved inorganic solids in water. The total concentration of ions is called the salinity. The total dissolved-solids concentration usually is roughly equal to salinity in freshwater. Unlike seawater, freshwater varies greatly in salinity and proportions of individual ions. Calcium and bicarbonate are dominant ions in river water, but sodium and chloride are dominant in seawater. Water contains many other inorganic substances, as well as many trace elements. 

Los programas de certificación acuícola reducen los impactos ambientales de la acuacultura y evitan los impactos negativos sobre la biodiversidad, pero no se puede usar un solo indicador de biodiversidad como un estándar en la certificación acuícola.