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The oxygen demand of feed represents the dissolved oxygen removed by the respiration of culture animals, microbial decomposition of uneaten feed and feces, and oxidation of ammonia nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria. 

In general, water temperature cannot be controlled, so aquaculture operations must be timed to correspond to temperature. Measurements are critical for efficient operations. 

En general, la temperatura del agua no se puede controlar, por lo que las operaciones acuícolas deben programarse para que correspondan a la temperatura. Las mediciones son críticas para operaciones eficientes. 

Improved feeds and feeding practices increase the proportion of nitrogen recovered in fish and shrimp and lessen the amount of ammonia excreted by the culture animals. 

Carbon dioxide is both a nutrient and a waste product in aquaculture. Some pond managers feel that application of organic matter to provide additional carbon dioxide can reduce pH and control blue-green algae. 

Preventing diseases is a major concern in shrimp farming. Pond preparation focuses on avoiding the carryover of disease organisms from one crop to the next. 

La prevención de enfermedades es una preocupación importante en el cultivo de camarón. La preparación de estanques se enfoca en evitar el arrastre de organismos de enfermedades de un ciclo de cultivo al próximo. 

Ponds should be fertilized a few days after chlorine application to encourage the regrowth of natural food organisms before introducing postlarvae. 

Alkalinity is an index of the capacity of water to neutralize acidity. Hardness represents the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations. Both values vary greatly in freshwater sources. 

In the water of aquaculture systems, certain bacteria transform potentially toxic ammonia to nontoxic nitrate through nitrification. 

Ponds constructed where soils contain sulfides can have problems with low pH in culture water. Liming can be an effective emergency measure. 

In general, lower-intensity pond and cage farming tends to discharge higher overall pollution loads in farm effluents than closed aquaculture systems. 

Copper sulfate is widely used as an algicide in ponds and other aquatic systems. Although copper quickly disappears from pond water, cupric ions can be harmful to aquatic animals. 

Water flow within channels can be measured using the float method or calculated using rating curves that project water velocity based on a series of finite measurements. 

It would be difficult to find a pond aquaculture worker who has not measured Secchi disk visibility or at least seen someone measure it. 

Organic matter – including fertilizers, unconsumed feed and feces of culture animals – settles to pond bottoms, often with a negative impact on water quality. 

Zeolite is used in industry for water softening and as media for molecular sieves but has no real benefit for aquaculture in ammonia removal. 

Water's ability to conduct electricity increases with the total concentration of dissolved ions. Measuring conductivity helps estimate salt content of water.